Swipe across notes and practice
CBSE | Class 9 | economics
Read the chapter in a clean notebook-style flow before moving into deeper practice.
Summary Note
Key concept recap
Food security means ensuring availability, accessibility, and affordability of food for all at all times.
It is not just about two meals a day but about access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food to lead an active and healthy life.
Poor households are most vulnerable to food insecurity, especially during calamities or economic disruptions.
Summary Note
Key concept recap
Availability: Presence of food through domestic production, imports, or stocks.
Accessibility: Physical and economic access to food for everyone.
Affordability: People must have enough income to purchase adequate, safe, and nutritious food.
Summary Note
Key concept recap
Calamities like droughts, floods, or pandemics can cause food shortages.
Price rise during crises makes food unaffordable for the poor, causing starvation or even famine.
Examples like the Bengal Famine of 1943 highlight the need for food security mechanisms.
Summary Note
Key concept recap
Worst affected include landless rural labourers, small farmers, traditional artisans, and self-employed workers.
Urban food-insecure families are mostly those involved in casual labour and low-paying jobs.
Women, children under 5, and pregnant/nursing mothers are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition.
Summary Note
Key concept recap
Chronic hunger is persistent due to inadequate diet and low income.
Seasonal hunger occurs at specific times due to seasonal nature of agriculture or irregular employment.
India has made progress in reducing hunger, but challenges remain.
Summary Note
Key concept recap
It comprises two components: buffer stock and public distribution system (PDS).
Buffer stock is maintained by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) to ensure food availability during shortages.
PDS ensures distribution of foodgrains at subsidised prices to the poor through ration shops.
Summary Note
Key concept recap
MSP is the price at which government buys foodgrains from farmers to maintain buffer stock.
Issue price is the subsidised price at which food is sold to the poor via ration shops.
This ensures both farmer welfare and consumer support.
Summary Note
Key concept recap
PDS distributes essential food items through fair price shops.
It has evolved from a universal system to a targeted one: RPDS, TPDS, and AAY.
NFSA 2013 legally entitles 75% of rural and 50% of urban populations to food at subsidised rates.
Summary Note
Key concept recap
PDS has helped control price fluctuations, ensure food availability, and support the poor.
Issues include corruption, diversion of foodgrains, irregular supply, and poor quality of grains.
Overstocking and regional imbalances in procurement have also raised environmental and economic concerns.
Summary Note
Key concept recap
Cooperative societies play a vital role in ensuring food security at the local level.
Examples: Amul (milk), Mother Dairy (Delhi), grain banks by NGOs in Maharashtra.
They provide affordable food and nutritional support in many regions.
Summary Note
Key concept recap
Food Security – Assured access to sufficient, nutritious, and affordable food at all times.
Buffer Stock – Stock of foodgrains maintained by FCI for emergencies.
Minimum Support Price (MSP) – Price fixed by the government to buy foodgrains from farmers.
Issue Price – Subsidised price at which food is sold via PDS.
Public Distribution System (PDS) – System of distributing foodgrains to poor families through ration shops.
Fair Price Shop – Government-approved shop selling food at subsidised rates.
Chronic Hunger – Long-term undernutrition due to consistent poverty.
Seasonal Hunger – Hunger arising from seasonal unemployment or food scarcity.
Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) – Scheme for poorest of the poor, providing foodgrains at ₹2–₹3/kg.
National Food Security Act (NFSA) – 2013 law ensuring food entitlement to vulnerable households.
